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We can begin our discussion of “population as global issue” with what most persons mean when they discuss “the population problem”: too many people on earth and a too rapid increase in the number added each year. The facts are not in dispute, It was quite right to employ the analogy that likened demographic growth to “a long, thin powder fuse that burns steadily and haltingly until it finally reaches the charge and explodes.”
To understand the current situation, which is characterized by rapid increases in population, it is necessary to understand the history of population trends. Rapid growth is a comparatively recent phenomenon. Looking back at the 8,000 years of demographic history, we find that populations have been virtually stable or growing very slightly for most of human history. For most of our ancestors, life was hard, often nasty, and very short. There was high fertility
in most places, but this was usually balanced by high mortality. For most of human history, it was seldom the case that one in ten persons would live past forty, while infancy and childhood were especially risky periods. Often, societies were in clear danger of extinction because death rates could exceed their birthrates. Thus, the population problem throughout most of history was how to prevent extinction of the human race.
This pattern is important to notice. Not only does it put the current problems of demographic growth into a historical perspective, but it suggests that the cause of rapid increase in population in recent years is not a sudden enthusiasm for more children, but an improvement in the conditions that traditionally have caused high mortality.
Demographic history can be divided into two major periods: a time of long, slow growth which extended from about 8,000 BC.till approximately AD. 1650. In the first period of some 9600 years, the population increased from some 8
million to 500 million in 1650. Between 1650 and the present, the population has increased from 500 million to more than 4 billion. And it is estimated that by the year 2000 there will be 6.2 billion people throughout the world. One way to
appreciate this dramatic difference in such abstract numbers is to reduce the time frame to something that is more manageable. Between 8000BC and 1650, an average of only 50,000 persons was being added annually to the world’s population each year. At present, this number is added every six hours. The increase is about 80,000,000 persons annually.
1.Which of the following demographic growth pattern is most suitable for the
long thin powder fuse analogy?
A.A virtually stable or slightly decreasing period and then a sudden
explosion of population.
B.A slow growth for a long time and then a period of rapid, dramatic
increase.
C.Too many people on earth and a few rapid increase in the number added each
year.
D.A long period when death rates exceeds birthrates and then a short period
with higher fertility and lower mortality.
2.During the first period of demographic history, societies were often in
danger of extinction because___.
A.only one in ten persons could live past 40.
B.there was higher mortality than fertility in most places.
C.it was too dangerous to have babies due to the poor conditions.
D.our ancestors had little enthusiasm for more children.
3.Which statement is true about population increase?
A.There might be an increase of 2.2 billion persons from now to the year
2000.
B.About 50,000 babies are born every six hours at present.
C.Between 8000 BC and the present, the population increase is about
80,000,000 persons each year.
D.The population increased faster between 8000BC and 1650 than between 1650
and the present.
4.The author of the passage intends to___.
A.warn people against the population explosion in the near future.
B.compare the demographic growth pattern in the past with that after
1650.
C.find out the cause for rapid increase in population in recent years.
D.present us a clear and complete picture of the demographic growth.
5.The word “demographic” in the first paragraph means___.
A.statistics of human.
B.surroundings study.
C.accumulation of human.
D.development of human.
In the past, operations were difficult. Until the middle of the eighteen
fifties, surgery was very dangerous. Many patients died after even the smallest
operations. This was because bacteria entered the cuts in the patients
bodied’and started infection. In some countries, up to 90 percent of patients
died from inf ection after operations. In 1865, however, Joseph Lister, a
British surgeon, found an answer to the problem. He used an “antiseptic during”
and after operations. This killed the dangerous bacteria and most of his
patients lived. Since then, surgeons have used antiseptics in all
operations.Surgery has developed in many important ways since the day of Joseph
Lister. Today, when patients go to hospital for an operation, they can expect
thebest treatment, in clean and hygienic conditions.
33. Operations were difficult and dangerous until_______.
A.1850
B. the middle of 1850
C. the middle of the fifties of the eighteenth century
D. the middle of the fifties of the nineteenth century
34. In the passage, surgery means__________.
A. The performing of an operation
B. cure
C. treatment
D. medicine
35. In the past, up to 90 percent of patients died after operations mainly
b
ecause__________.
A. bacteria entered the cuts in the patients bodies’and infection took
place
B. the conditions in hospitals were bad
C. the skill of surgeons was not so good
D. there were no good medicine at that time
36. Which topic of the following best suits the passage?
A. Operations were difficult in the past
B. The devotion of Joseph Lister to medical science
C. Surgery has become safer
D. Developments in surgery
37. Joseph Lister was________.
A. a Frenchman
B. a German
C. an Englishman
D. an Americ
