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Passage 4
Questions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage:
Culture shock is an occupational disease (职业病) for people who have been
suddenly transplanted abroad.
Culture shock is caused by the anxiety that results from losing all familiar
signs and symbols of social intercourse. Those signs are as following: when to
shake hands and what to say when meet people, when and how to give tips, how to
make purchases, when to accept and refuse invitations, when to take statements
seriously and when not. These signs, which may be words, gestures, facial
expressions, or customs, are acquired by all of us in the course of growing up
and as much a part of our culture as the language we speak or the beliefs we
accept. All of us depend on hundreds of these signs for our peace of mind and
day-to-day efficiency, but we do not carry most at the level of conscious
awareness.
Now when an individual enters a strange culture, all or most of these
familiar signs are removed. No matter how broadminded or full of good will you
may be a series of supports have been knocked from under you, followed by a
feeling of frustration. When suffering from culture shock people first reject
the environment which caused discomfort. The ways of the host country are bad
because they make us feel bad. When foreigners in a strange land get together in
complain about the host country its people, you can be sure that they are
suffering from culture shock.
16. According to the passage, culture shock is .
A. an occupational disease of foreign people B. may lead to very serious
symptoms
C. actually not a disease D. incurable
17. According to the passage, culture shock result from .
A. the sudden change of social atmosphere and customs
B. the sudden change of our daily habits
C. the sudden loss of our own signs and symbols
D. the discomfort that we feel when faced with a foreigner
18. Which one of the following may not be a symptom of culture shock?
A. You don’t know how to express your gratitude.
B. You don’t know how to greet other people.
C. You suddenly forget what a word means.
D. You don’t understand why a foreigner shrugs.
19. According to the passage, how would a person who stays abroad most
probably react when he is frustrated by the culture shock?
A. He is most likely to refuse to absorb the strange environment at
first.
B. He is really to accept the change and adapt himself to the new
environment.
C. Although he takes the culture difference for granted, he still doesn’t
know how to do with it.
D. He may begin to hate the people or things around him.
20. The main idea of this passage is that .
A. culture shock is an occupational disease
B. culture shock is caused by the anxiety of living in a strange culture
C. culture shock has peculiar symptoms
D. it is very hard to cope with life in a new setting
The discovery of the Antarctic not only proved one of the most interesting of all geographical adventures, but created what might be called “the heroic age of Antarctic exploration”. By their tremendous heroism, men such as Shakleton, Scott, and Amundsen caused a new continent to emerge from the shadows, and yet that heroic age, little more than a century old, is already passing. Modern science and inventions are revolutionizing the endurance, future journeys into these icy wastes will probably depend on motor vehicles equipped with caterpillar traction rather than on the dogsthat earlier discoverers found so invaluable and hardly comparable.
Few realize that this Antarctic continent is almost equal in size to South America, and enormous field of work awaits geographers and prospectors. The coasts of this continent remain to be accurately charted, and the maping of the
whole of the interior presents a formidable task to the cartographers who undertake the work. Once their labors are completed, it will be possible to prospect the vast natural resources which scientists believe will furnish one of the largest treasure hoards of metals and minerals the world has yet known, and almost inexhaustible sources of copper,coal, uranium, and many other ores will become available to man. Such discoveries will usher in an era of practical exploitation of the Antarctic wastes.
The polar darkness which hides this continent for the six winter months will be defeated by huge batteries of light, and make possible the establishing of air-fields for the future inter-continental air services by making these areas as light as day. Present flying routes will be completely changed, for the Antarctic refueling bases will make flights from Australia to South America comparatively easy over the 5,000 miles journey.
The climate is not likely to offer an insuperable problem, for the explorer
Admiral Byrd has shown that the climate is possible even for men completely
untrained for expeditions into those frozen wastes. Some of his parties were men
who had never seen snow before, and yet he records that they survived the rigors
of the Antarctic climate comfortably, so that, provided that the appropriate
installations are made, we may assume that human beings from all countries could
live there safely. Byrd even affirms that it is probably the most healthy
climate in the world, for the intense cold of thousands of years has sterilize
this continent, and rendered it absolutely germfree, with the consequences that
ordinary and extraordinary sickness and diseases from which man suffers in other
zones with different climates are here utterly unknown. There exist no problems
of conservation and preservation of food supplies, for the latter keep
indefinitely without any signs of deterioration; it may even be that later
generations will come to regard the Antarctic as the natural storehouse for the
whole world.
Plans are already on foot to set up permanent bases on the shores of this
continent, and what so few years ago was regarded as a “dead continent” now
promises to be a most active center of human life and endeavor.
1.When did man begin to explore the Antarctic?
A.About 100years ago.
B.In this century.
C.At the beginning of the 19th century.
D.In 1798.
2.What must the explorers be, even though they have modern equipment and
techniques?
A.Brave and tough
B.Stubborn and arrogant.
C.Well-liked and humorous.
D.Stout and smart.
3.The most healthy climate in the world is___.
A.in South America.
B.in the Arctic Region.
C.in the Antarctic Continent.
D.in the Atlantic Ocean.
4.What kind of metals and minerals can we find in the Antarctic?
A.Magnetite, coal and ores.
B.Copper, coal and uranium.
C.Silver, natural gas and uranium.
D.Aluminum, copper and natural gas.
5.What is planned for the continent?
A.Building dams along the coasts.
B.Setting up several summer resorts along the coasts.
C.Mapping the coast and whole territory.
D.Setting up permanent bases on the coasts.
Most of us are taught to pay attention to what is said—the words. Words do provide us with some information, but meanings are derived from so many other sources that it would hinder our effectiveness as a partner to a relationship to rely too heavily on words alone. Words are used to describe only a small part of the many ideas we associate with any given message. Sometimes we can gain insight into some of those associations if we listen for more than words. We don’t always say what we mean or mean what we say. Sometimes our words don’t mean anything except “ I’m letting off some steam. I don’t really want you to pay close attention to what I’m saying. Just pay attention to what I’m feeling.”
Mostly we mean several things at once. A person wanting to purchase a house says to the current owner, “This step has to be fixed before I’ll buy.” The owner says, “ It’s been like that for years.” Actually, the step hasn’t been like that for years, but the unspoken message is: “ I don’t want to fix it. We put up with it. Why can’t you?” The search for a more expansive view of meaning can be developed of examining a message in terms of who said it, when it occurred, the
related conditions or situation, and how it was said.
When a message occurs can also reveal associated meaning. Let us assume two couples do exactly the same amount of kissing and arguing. But one couple always kisses after an argument and the other couple always argues after a kiss. The ordering of the behaviors may mean a great deal more than the frequency of the behavior. A friend’s unusually docile behavior may only be understood by noting that it was preceded by situations that required an abnormal amount of assertiveness. Some responses may be directly linked to a developing pattern of responses and defy logic. For example, a person who says “No!” to a serials of charges like “You’re dumb,” “You’re lazy,” and “You’re dishonest,” may also say
“No!” and try to justify his or her response if the next statement is “And
you’re good looking.”
We would do well to listen for how messages are presented. The words, “If sure has been nice to have you over,” can be said with emphasis and excitement or ritualistically. The phrase can be said once or repeated several times. And the meanings we associate with the phrase will change accordingly. Sometimes if we say something infrequently it assumes more importance; sometimes the more we say something the less importance it assumes.
1.Effective communication is rendered possible between two conversing
partners, if ___.
A.they use proper words to carry their ideas.
B.they both speak truly of their own feelings.
C.they try to understand each other’s ideas beyond words.
D.they are capable of associating meaning with their words.
2.“I’m letting off some steam” in paragraph 1 means___.
A.I’m just calling your attention.
B.I’m just kidding.
C.I’m just saying the opposite.
D.I’m just giving off some sound.
3.The house-owner’s example shows that he actually means___.
A.the step has been like that for years.
B.he doesn’t think it necessary to fix the step.
C.the condition of the step is only a minor fault.
D.the cost involved in the fixing should be shared.
4.Some responses and behaviors may appear very illogical, but are justifiable
if___.
A.linked to an abnormal amount of assertiveness.
B.seen as one’s habitual pattern of behavior.
C.taken as part of an ordering sequence.
D.expressed to a series of charges.
5.The word “ritualistically” in the last paragraph equals something
done___.
A.without true intention.
B.light-heartedly.
C.in a way of ceremony.
D.with less emphasis.
Passage 3
Questions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage:
Unlike their American or European counterparts, car salesmen in Japan work hard to get a buyer. Instead of lying lazily around showrooms waiting for customers to drop by, many Japanese car salesmen still go out to get them. They walk wearily along the streets cars door-to-door. New customers are hunted with
fruit and cakes on their birthdays. But life is getting tough, and not just because new-car sales are falling.
With more Japanese women (who often control the household budget) going out to work, the salesmen increasingly find nobody at home when they call. That means another visit in the evening or the weekend. Then they face an extra problem: more people, especially the young, prefer to choose a new car from a
showroom where they can compare different models.
Even as late as the mid-1980s some 90% of new cars were sold door-to-door. In some rural areas most new cars are still sold this way. But in the big cities more than half the new cars are now sold from showrooms.
Although investing in showrooms is expensive because of the high cost of Japanese land, dealers have little choice. A labor shortage and higher among Japan’s workforce are making it difficult to hire
door-to-door salesmen. Most of a Japanese car salesman’s working day is spent doing favors for customers, like arranging insurance or picking up vehicles for servicing, rather than actually selling.
Japan’s doorstep car salesmen are not about to vanish. The personal service they provide is so deep-rooted in Japan that they are likely to operate alongside the glittering new showrooms. The two systems even complement each other. What increasingly happens is that the showroom attracts the interest of a potential buyer, giving the footsore salesmen a firm lead to follow up with a home visit.
11. Japanese car sales usually do not wait at showrooms for customers to drop by; instead, .
A. they sell cars door-to-door
B. they buy presents for their customers
C. they enjoy themselves in recreation centers
D. they go out to do market researches
12. Implied but stated: the competition in car market is .
A. light B. moderate C. fierce D. unfair
13. Young people like to buy a new car .
A. at home B. from a showroom
C. made in the U.S.A. D. made in Japan
14. The squadron of Japanese car salesmen is reducing because of .
A. a labor shortage
B. higher expectations among Japan’s workforce
C. high cost land
D. both A and B
15. Japanese car salesmen to their customers many favors such as .
A. showing them around in an exhibition
B. arranging insurance
C. paying them a visit on weekends
D. selling ole cars for them
Don't wash those fossils!
Standard museum practice can wash away DNA.
1.Washing, brushing and varnishing fossils — all standard conservation
treatments used by many fossil hunters and museum curators alike — vastly
reduces the chances of recovering ancient DNA.
2.Instead, excavators should be handling at least some of their bounty with
gloves, and freezing samples as they are found, dirt and all, concludes a paper
in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences today.
3.Although many palaeontologists know anecdotally that this is the best way
to up the odds of extracting good DNA, Eva-Maria Geigl of the Jacques Monod
Institute in Paris, France, and her colleagues have now shown just how important
conservation practices can be.This information, they say, needs to be hammered
home among the people who are actually out in the field digging up bones.
4.Geigl and her colleagues looked at 3,200-year-old fossil bones belonging to
a single individual of an extinct cattle species, called an aurochs.The fossils
were dug up at a site in France at two different times — either in 1947, and
stored in a museum collection, or in 2004, and conserved in sterile conditions
at -20 oC.
5.The team's attempts to extract DNA from the 1947 bones all failed.The newly
excavated fossils, however, all yielded DNA.
6.Because the bones had been buried for the same amount of time, and in the
same conditions, the conservation method had to be to blame says Geigl."As much
DNA was degraded in these 57 years as in the 3,200 years before," she says.
Wash in, wash out
7.Because many palaeontologists base their work on the shape of fossils
alone, their methods of conservation are not designed to preserve DNA, Geigl
explains.
8.The biggest problem is how they are cleaned.Fossils are often washed
together on-site in a large bath, which can allow water — and contaminants in
the form of contemporary DNA — to permeate into the porous bones."Not only is
the authentic DNA getting washed out, but contamination is getting washed in,"
says Geigl.
9.Most ancient DNA specialists know this already, says Hendrik Poinar, an
evolutionary geneticist at McMaster University in Ontario, Canada.But that
doesn't mean that best practice has become widespread among those who actually
find the fossils.
10.Getting hold of fossils that have been preserved with their DNA in mind
relies on close relationships between lab-based geneticists and the excavators,
says palaeogeneticist Svante P bo of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary
Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany.And that only occurs in exceptional cases, he
says.
11.P bo's team, which has been sequencing Neanderthal DNA, continually faces
these problems."When you want to study ancient human and Neanderthal remains,
there's a big issue of contamination with contemporary human DNA," he says.
12.This doesn't mean that all museum specimens are fatally flawed, notes P
bo.The Neanderthal fossils that were recently sequenced in his own lab, for
example, had been part of a museum collection treated in the traditional way.But
P bo is keen to see samples of fossils from every major find preserved in line
with Geigl's recommendations — just in case.
Warm and wet
13.Geigl herself believes that, with cooperation between bench and field
researchers, preserving fossils properly could open up avenues of discovery that
have long been assumed closed.
14.Much human cultural development took place in temperate regions.DNA does
not survive well in warm environments in the first place, and can vanish when
fossils are washed and treated.For this reason, Geigl says, most ancient DNA
studies have been done on permafrost samples, such as the woolly mammoth, or on
remains sheltered from the elements in cold caves — including cave bear and
Neanderthal fossils.
15.Better conservation methods, and a focus on fresh fossils, could boost DNA
extraction from more delicate specimens, says Geigl.And that could shed more
light on the story of human evolution.
(640 words nature )
Glossary
Palaeontologists 古生物学家
Aurochs 欧洲野牛
Neanderthal (人类学)尼安德特人，旧石器时代的古人类。
Permafrost (地理)永冻层
Questions 1-6
Answer the following questions by using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each
answer.
1.How did people traditionally treat fossils?
2.What suggestions do Geigl and her colleagues give on what should be done
when fossils are found?
3.What problems may be posed if fossil bones are washed on-site? Name
ONE.
4.What characteristic do fossil bones have to make them susceptible to be
contaminated with contemporary DNA when they are washed?
5.What could be better understood when conservation treatments are
improved?
6.The passage mentioned several animal species studied by researchers.How
many of them are mentioned?
Questions 7-11
Do the following statements agree with the information given in the passage?
Please write TRUE if the statement agrees with the writer FALSE if the statement
does not agree with the writer NOT GIVEN if there is no information about this
in the passage.
7.In their paper published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences，Geigl and her colleagues have shown what conservation practices should
be followed to preserve ancient DNA.
8.The fossil bones that Geigl and her colleagues studied are all from the
same aurochs.
9.Geneticists don't have to work on site.
10.Only newly excavated fossil bones using new conservation methods suggested
by Geigl and her colleagues contain ancient DNA.
11.Paabo is still worried about the potential problems caused by treatments
of fossils in traditional way.
Questions 12-13
Complete the following the statements by choosing letter A-D for each
answer.
12.“This information” in paragraph 3 indicates:
[A] It is critical to follow proper practices in preserving ancient DNA.
[B] The best way of getting good DNA is to handle fossils with gloves.
[C] Fossil hunters should wear home-made hammers while digging up bones.
[D] Many palaeontologists know how one should do in treating fossils.
13.The study conducted by Geigl and her colleagues suggests:
[A] the fact that ancient DNA can not be recovered from fossil bones
excavated in the past.
[B] the correlation between the amount of burying time and that of the
recovered DNA.
[C] the pace at which DNA degrades.
[D] the correlation between conservation practices and degradation of
DNA.
new weapon to fight cancer
1. British scientists are preparing to launch trials of a radical new way to
fight cancer, which kills tumours by infecting them with viruses like the common
cold.
2. If successful, virus therapy could eventually form a third pillar
alongside radiotherapy and chemotherapy in the standard arsenal against cancer,
while avoiding some of the debilitating side-effects.
3. Leonard Seymour, a professor of gene therapy at Oxford University, who has
been working on the virus therapy with colleagues in London and the US, will
lead the trials later this year. Cancer Research UK said yesterday that it was
excited by the potential of Prof Seymour’s pioneering techniques.
4. One of the country’s leading geneticists, Prof Seymour has been working
with viruses that kill cancer cells directly, while avoiding harm to healthy
tissue. "In principle, you’ve got something which could be many times more
effective than regular chemotherapy," he said.
5. Cancer-killing viruses exploit the fact that cancer cells suppress the
body’s local immune system. "If a cancer doesn’t do that, the immune system
wipes it out. If you can get a virus into a tumour, viruses find them a very
good place to be because there’s no immune system to stop them replicating. You
can regard it as the cancer’s Achilles’ heel."
6. Only a small amount of the virus needs to get to the cancer. "They
replicate, you get a million copies in each cell and the cell bursts and they
infect the tumour cells adjacent and repeat the process," said Prof Seymour.
7. Preliminary research on mice shows that the viruses work well on tumours
resistant to standard cancer drugs. "It’s an interesting possibility that they
may have an advantage in killing drug-resistant tumours, which could be quite
different to anything we’ve had before."
8. Researchers have known for some time that viruses can kill tumour cells
and some aspects of the work have already been published in scientific journals.
American scientists have previously injected viruses directly into tumours but
this technique will not work if the cancer is inaccessible or has spread
throughout the body.
9. Prof Seymour’s innovative solution is to mask the virus from the body’s
immune system, effectively allowing the viruses to do what chemotherapy drugs do
- spread through the blood and reach tumours wherever they are. The big hurdle
has always been to find a way to deliver viruses to tumours via the bloodstream
without the body’s immune system destroying them on the way.
10. "What we’ve done is make chemical modifications to the virus to put a
polymer coat around it - it’s a stealth virus when you inject it," he said.
11. After the stealth virus infects the tumour, it replicates, but the copies
do not have the chemical modifications. If they escape from the tumour, the
copies will be quickly recognised and mopped up by the body’s immune system.
12. The therapy would be especially useful for secondary cancers, called
metastases, which sometimes spread around the body after the first tumour
appears. "There’s an awful statistic of patients in the west ... with malignant
cancers; 75% of them go on to die from metastases," said Prof Seymour.
13. Two viruses are likely to be examined in the first clinical trials:
adenovirus, which normally causes a cold-like illness, and vaccinia, which
causes cowpox and is also used in the vaccine against smallpox. For safety
reasons, both will be disabled to make them less pathogenic in the trial, but
Prof Seymour said he eventually hopes to use natural viruses.
14. The first trials will use uncoated adenovirus and vaccinia and will be
delivered locally to liver tumours, in order to establish whether the treatment
is safe in humans and what dose of virus will be needed. Several more years of
trials will be needed, eventually also on the polymer-coated viruses, before the
therapy can be considered for use in the NHS. Though the approach will be
examined at first for cancers that do not respond to conventional treatments,
Prof Seymour hopes that one day it might be applied to all cancers.
Questions 1-6
Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading
passage? For questions 1-6 write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this in the passage
1.Virus therapy, if successful, has an advantage in eliminating
side-effects.
2.Cancer Research UK is quite hopeful about Professor Seymour’s work on the
virus therapy.
3.Virus can kill cancer cells and stop them from growing again.
4.Cancer’s Achilles’ heel refers to the fact that virus may stay safely in a
tumor and replicate.
5.To infect the cancer cells, a good deal of viruses should be injected into
the tumor.
6.Researches on animals indicate that virus could be used as a new way to
treat drug-resistant tumors.
Question 7-9
Based on the reading passage, choose the appropriate letter from A-D for each
answer.
7.Information about researches on viruses killing tumor cells can be
found
(A) on TV
(B) in magazines
(C) on internet
(D) in newspapers
8.To treat tumors spreading out in body, researchers try to
(A) change the body’ immune system
(B) inject chemotherapy drugs into bloodstream.
(C) increase the amount of injection
(D) disguise the viruses on the way to tumors.
9.When the chemical modified virus in tumor replicates, the copies
(A) will soon escape from the tumor and spread out.
(B) will be wiped out by the body’s immune system.
(C) will be immediately recognized by the researchers.
(D) will eventually stop the tumor from spreading out.
Questions 10-13
Complete the sentences below. Choose your answers from the list of words. You
can only use each word once.
NB There are more words in the list than spaces so you will not use them
all.
In the first clinical trials, scientists will try to ……10…… adenovirus and
vaccinia, so both the viruses will be less pathogenic than the ……11…….These
uncoated viruses will be applied directly to certain areas to confirm safety on
human beings and the right ……12…… needed. The experiments will firstly be
……13……to the treatment of certain cancers
