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名词解释:教育政策

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教育政策是指政党、政府等公共权力组织在一定时期内,为了实现一定教育目标制定、实施的,对各类教育活动进行调控和管理的行为规范、准则。

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公共政策评估的基本要素,不包括()

在政策规划阶段,拟定出政策方案后,接下来的环节是()。

名词解释:政策评估

1999年6月初,某市一名初三学生因不堪承受过重的学习压力在家中自杀身亡。此事件在广大市民中引起强烈反响。中小学学生负担重、压力大的问题一时成为公众议论的中心话题,也成为媒体关注的焦点。该市的日报、晚报、电视台、电台就此事件做了大量报道,反映了学生、家长、教师、中小学负责人以及有关专家等多方面的意见。尽管对此事件见仁见智,意见不完全一致,但大家普遍认为,政府应尽快采取适当措施切实减轻中小学学生负担。为此,该市政府就此问题专门召开了一次会议,指示市教育局在两个月之内拿出一个减轻中小学学生负担的具体方案。1999年8月末,在征求有关专家及相关方面的意见基础上,该市教育局出台了一揽子旨在减轻中小学学生负担的措施,包括限定课时、控制家庭作业数量、严禁利用节假日上课等。

实际上,中小学学生负担过重并不是一个新问题。对此问题,公众已议论了多年,有关专家也呼吁了多年,但政府始终没有采取任何政策措施,直到这一悲剧性事件发生后,该市才出台了减轻学生负担的政策。请分析本案例中社会问题进入政策议程的条件,你认为该市在这方面应吸取什么教训?

不属于政策实施阶段的环节是()。

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1There'sadimmerswitchinsidethesunthatcausesitsbrightnesstoriseandfallontimescalesofaround100,000years-exactlythesameperiodasbetweeniceagesonEarth.Sosaysaphysicistwhohascreatedacomputermodelofourstar'score. 2RobertEhrlichofGeorgeMasonUniversityinFairfax,Virginia,modelledtheeffectoftemperaturefluctuationsinthesun'sinterior.Accordingtothestandardview,thetemperatureofthesun'scoreisheldconstantbytheopposingpressuresofgravityandnuclearfusion.However,Ehrlichbelievedthatslightvariationsshouldbepossible. 3HetookashisstartingpointtheworkofAttilaGrandpierreoftheKonkolyObservatoryoftheHungarianAcademyofSciences.In2005,Grandpierreandacollaborator,Gáborágoston,calculatedthatmagneticfieldsinthesun'scorecouldproducesmallinstabilitiesinthesolarplasma.Theseinstabilitieswouldinducelocalisedoscillationsintemperature. 4Ehrlich'smodelshowsthatwhilstmostoftheseoscillationscanceleachotherout,somereinforceoneanotherandbecomelong-livedtemperaturevariations.Thefavouredfrequenciesallowthesun'scoretemperaturetooscillatearounditsaveragetemperatureof13.6millionkelvinincycleslastingeither100,000or41,000years.Ehrlichsaysthatrandominteractionswithinthesun'smagneticfieldcouldflipthefluctuationsfromonecyclelengthtotheother. 5ThesetwotimescalesareinstantlyrecognisabletoanyonefamiliarwithEarth'siceages:forthepastmillionyears,iceageshaveoccurredroughlyevery100,000years.Beforethat,theyoccurredroughlyevery41,000years. 6MostscientistsbelievethattheiceagesaretheresultofsubtlechangesinEarth'sorbit,knownastheMilankovitchcycles.OnesuchcycledescribesthewayEarth'sorbitgraduallychangesshapefromacircletoaslightellipseandbackagainroughlyevery100,000years.ThetheorysaysthisalterstheamountofsolarradiationthatEarthreceives,triggeringtheiceages.However,apersistentproblemwiththistheoryhasbeenitsinabilitytoexplainwhytheiceageschangedfrequencyamillionyearsago. 7"InMilankovitch,thereiscertainlynogoodideawhythefrequencyshouldchangefromonetoanother,"saysNeilEdwards,aclimatologistattheOpenUniversityinMiltonKeynes,UK.NoristhetransitionproblemtheonlyonetheMilankovitchtheoryfaces.EhrlichandothercriticsclaimthatthetemperaturevariationscausedbyMilankovitchcyclesaresimplynotbigenoughtodriveiceages. 8However,EdwardsbelievesthesmallchangesinsolarheatingproducedbyMilankovitchcyclesarethenamplifiedbyfeedbackmechanismsonEarth.Forexample,ifseaicebeginstoformbecauseofaslightcooling,carbondioxidethatwouldotherwisehavefounditswayintotheatmosphereaspartofthecarboncycleislockedintotheice.ThatweakensthegreenhouseeffectandEarthgrowsevencolder. 9AccordingtoEdwards,thereisnolackofsuchmechanisms."Ifyouaddtheireffectstogether,thereismorethanenoughfeedbacktomakeMilankovitchwork,"hesays."Theproblemnowisidentifyingwhichmechanismsareatwork."ThisiswhyscientistslikeEdwardsarenotyetreadytogiveuponthecurrenttheory."Milankovitchcyclesgiveusiceagesroughlywhenweobservethemtohappen.Wecancalculatewhereweareinthecycleandcompareitwithobservation,"hesays."Ican'tseeanywayoftesting[Ehrlich's]ideatoseewhereweareinthetemperatureoscillation." 10Ehrlichconcedesthis."Ifthereisawaytotestthistheoryonthesun,Ican'tthinkofonethatispractical,"hesays.That'sbecausevariationover41,000to100,000yearsistoogradualtobeobserved.However,theremaybeawaytotestitinotherstars:reddwarfs.Theircoresaremuchsmallerthanthatofthesun,andsoEhrlichbelievesthattheoscillationperiodscouldbeshortenoughtobeobserved.Hehasyettocalculatethepreciseperiodortheextentofvariationinbrightnesstobeexpected. 11NigelWeiss,asolarphysicistattheUniversityofCambridge,isfarfromconvinced.HedescribesEhrlich'sclaimsas"utterlyimplausible".EhrlichcountersthatWeiss'sopinionisbasedonthestandardsolarmodel,whichfailstotakeintoaccountthemagneticinstabilitiesthatcausethetemperaturefluctuations. Questions1-4 CompleteeachofthefollowingstatementswithOneorTwonamesofthescientistsfromtheboxbelow. WritetheappropriatelettersA-Einboxes1-4onyouranswersheet. A.AttilaGrandpierre B.Gáborágoston C.NeilEdwards D.NigelWeiss E.RobertEhrlich 1....claimsthereadimmerswitchinsidethesunthatcausesitsbrightnesstoriseandfallinperiodsaslongasthosebetweeniceagesonEarth. 2....calculatedthattheinternalsolarmagneticfieldscouldproduceinstabilitiesinthesolarplasma. 3....holdsthatMilankovitchcyclescaninducechangesinsolarheatingonEarthandthechangesareamplifiedonEarth. 4....doesn'tbelieveinEhrlich'sviewpointsatall. Questions5-9 Dothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgiveninthereadingpassage? Inboxes5-9onyouranswersheetwrite TRUEifthestatementistrueaccordingtothepassage FALSEifthestatementisfalseaccordingtothepassage NOTGIVENiftheinformationisnotgiveninthepassage 5.Theiceageschangedfrequencyfrom100,000to41,000yearsamillionyearsago. 6.ThesoleproblemthattheMilankovitchtheorycannotsolveistoexplainwhytheiceagefrequencyshouldshiftfromonetoanother. 7.Carbondioxidecanbelockedartificiallyintoseaicetoeliminatethegreenhouseeffect. 8.SomescientistsarenotreadytogiveuptheMilankovitchtheorythoughtheyhaven'tfiguredoutwhichmechanismsamplifythechangesinsolarheating. 9.BothEdwardsandEhrlichbelievethatthereisnopracticalwaytotestwhenthesolartemperatureoscillationbeginsandwhenends. Questions10-14 Completethenotesbelow. ChooseonesuitablewordfromtheReadingPassageaboveforeachanswer. Writeyouranswersinboxes10-14onyouranswersheet. Thestandardviewassumesthattheopposingpressuresofgravityandnuclearfusionsholdthetemperature...10...inthesun'sinterior,buttheslightchangesintheearth's...11...alterthetemperatureontheearthandcauseiceagesevery100,000years.ABritishscientist,however,challengesthisviewbyclaimingthattheinternalsolarmagnetic...12...caninducethetemperatureoscillationsinthesun'sinterior.Thesun'scoretemperatureoscillatesarounditsaveragetemperaturein...13...lastingeither100,000or41,000years.Andthe...14...interactionswithinthesun'smagneticfieldcouldflipthefluctuationsfromonecyclelengthtotheother,whichexplainswhytheiceageschangedfrequencyamillionyearsago.
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