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领导者开展调查研究的方法。

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答:领导者调查研究的方法,包括调查的方法和研究的方法;

①调查的具体方法一般有:

第一,典型调查。就是从具有某种共性的事物的总体中选择若干有代表性的个体进行深入细致的调查。 运用典型调查法的关键在于选择典型, 具体方法包括择重选点法、择中选点法、择优选点法、划类选点法;

第二,抽样调查。 就是从调查对象的全体抽取一部分或若干部分进行观察, 并以部分的调查结果来推论全体。 运用抽样调查法, 必须遵循随机原则,保证样本的代表性。 具体方法包括简单随机抽样、类型抽样、等距抽样、整体抽样;

第三,普遍调查。就是在一定范围内对某类事物的全部个体进行无遗漏的调查。 运用普遍调查法, 必须坚持详实、全面、完整的原则,体现普遍性特征。实践中属于普遍调查的方法,如全国人口普查、全国工业普查等等;

第四,民意测验。是就人们普遍关心的问题或重大政策背景, 用发放问卷等方式了解人们的看法和倾向性态度。 运用民意测验法,必须保证被调查者在不受任何干扰和压力的情况下, 充分自由地发表真实看法, 以增强调查结果的可靠性。民意测验的具体方法主要是发放问卷,包括开放式和封闭式问卷, 有时也借助于网络调查。

②研究的方法。

就是在对调查所获得的丰富材料进行去粗存精、 去伪存真由此及彼、由表及里的加工制作, 从客观事物的原来面目中找出其规律性。 运用研究的方法, 就是利用先进的信息技术对调查材料进行加工和处理, 再经过分析和综合、抽象和概括、归纳和演绎、历史和逻辑等分析方法, 对材料进行辨证思考, 从而认识事物的本质,发现事物的规律性。

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How a Frenchman is reviving McDonald’s in Europe A. When Denis Hennequin took over as the European boss of McDonald’s in January 2004, the world’s biggest restaurant chain was showing signs of recovery in America and Australia, but sales in Europe were sluggish or declining. One exception was France, where Mr Hennequin had done a sterling job as head of the group’s French subsidiary to sell more Big Macs to his compatriots. His task was to replicate this success in all 41 of the European countries where anti-globalisers’ favourite enemy operates. B. So far Mr Hennequin is doing well. Last year European sales increased by 5.8% and the number of customers by 3.4%, the best annual results in nearly 15 years. Europe accounted for 36% of the group’s profits and for 28% of its sales. December was an especially good month as customers took to seasonal menu offerings in France and Britain, and to a promotion in Germany based on the game of Monopoly. C. Mr Hennequin’s recipe for revival is to be more open about his company’s operations, to be “locally relevant”, and to improve the experience of visiting his 6,400 restaurants. McDonald’s is blamed for making people fat, exploiting workers, treating animals cruelly, polluting the environment and simply for being American. Mr Hennequin says he wants to engage in a dialogue with the public to address these concerns. D. He introduced “open door” visitor days in each country which became hugely popular. In Poland alone some 50,000 visitors came to McDonald’s through the visitors’ programme last year. The Nutrition Information Initiative, launched last year, put detailed labels on McDonald’s packaging with data on calories, protein, fat, carbohydrates and salt content. The details are also printed on tray-liners. E. Mr Hennequin also wants people to know that “McJobs”, the low-paid menial jobs at McDonald’s restaurants, are much better than people think. 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