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运用行为强化原理,举例说明如何塑造幼儿的良好行为习惯。

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如果行为的结果受到强化白的出现概率就会增加。基于该原理的,表扬‘或奖励,被很多教育工作者和家长认为是最有效的教育方法。也有学者认为,奖励是教给儿童在特定的环境中什么是适宜行为的最快捷和碰有效的方法。

在幼儿园中,最常见的基于强化管理的方法,叫“代币法”,。即通过强化幼儿的某些行为,从而提高这些行为发生概率的一种激励手段。具体地说,就是把幼儿的奖励用虚拟的货币量化,当幼儿表现出某种预期的良好行为时,就能获得-I定数量的代币,幼儿可以用代币换取自己喜欢的东西或实现自己的愿望。

教育工作者或家长期望以强化原理增加孩子某行为出现的概率时,应该慎重地选择强化物。可以选择的强化物有以下几种:消费性强化物:指糖果、饼干、饮料、水果、巧克力等一次性消费物品。

活动性强化物:指看电视、看电影、做手工、踢球、去公园、野餐、旅游、逛街等属于休闲性质的活动。

操作性强化物:指布娃娃、变形金刚、玩具汽车、玩具手枪、图画、卡片、气球等孩子爱反复玩耍的物品。

拥有性强化物:指在一段时间内孩子可以拥有享受的物品,比如小狗、小猫、录音机、光盘、电脑、磁带等。

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