简述公共政策执行偏差产生的主观原因。

发现新大陆的哥伦布在一次庆功宴上，面对王公贵族对他的新发现的嘲笑，向嘲笑者提出一个简单的问题。他拿起餐桌上的一个鸡蛋说：“谁能把这个鸡蛋竖起来?”这样一个简单明确的问题，王公贵族们摆弄了一阵子，得出了一个结论：把鸡蛋竖起来，这是根本不可能的事。哥伦布从餐桌上拿过鸡蛋，往桌子上一磕，再朝上把鸡蛋置于桌面，鸡蛋稳稳地竖起来了。王公贵族们哄笑着说：“像这样竖鸡蛋，谁都竖得起来。”哥伦布答：“这是很简单，但在这之前，你们就怎么想不到这一点呢?”王公贵族们就再也不吱声了。

根据以上案例，请回答下列问题：

(1)哥伦布的这个小故事告诉了我们创新思维的含义及其本质是什么？

(2)哥伦布的小故事体现了创新思维的哪两条原理?

(3)哥伦布是用什么逻辑方法来驳斥王公贵族的责难的?

按照霍夫兰等的观点， “两面提示 ”对受教育程度较 ______者的效果较好。

The agricultural revolution in the 19th century involved two things ：the invention of labor-saving machinery and the deyelopment of scientific agriculture.Labor-saving machinery naturally appeared first where labor was scarce. “In Europe ，”said Thomas Jefferson ，“the object is to make the most of their land ，labor being abundant：here it is to make the most of our labor ，land being abundant. ”It was in America ， therefore，that the great advances in 19th century agricultural machinery first came.

At the opening of the century ，with the exception of a crude plow farmers could have carried pracically all of the existing agricultural implements on their backs ;by1860，most of the machinery inuse today had been designed in an early form.The most important of the early inventions was the iron plow.As early as 1790 Charles Newbold of New Jersey had been working on the idea of a cast-iron plow and spent his entire fortune in introdueing his invention.The farmers，however，would have none of it ，claiming that the iron poisoned the soil and made the weeds grow.Nevertheless，many people devoted their attention to the plow ，until in 1869 James Oliver of South Bend ，Indiana，turned out the first chilled-still plow. ?

1. What is the main topic of the passage ?

a.The need for agricultural advances to help feed a growing population.

b.The development of safer machines demanded by the labor movement.

c.Machinery that contributed to the agricultural revolution.

d.New Jersey as a leader in the agricultural revolution.

2. The expression “make the most of ” in Line 4is closest in meaning to which of the following ?

a.get the best yield from 

b.raise the price of 

c.make full use of 

d.earn a living on

3. Which of the following can be inferred from what Thomas Jefferson said ?

a.Europe was changing more quickly than America.

b.Europe had greater need of farm machinery than America did.

c.America was finally rnning out of good farmland.

d.There was a shortage of workers on American farm.

a.Europe

b.America

c.New Jersey

d.Indiana

5.What point is the autor making by stating that farmers could carry nearly all their tools on their backs?

a.Farmers had few tools before the agricultural revolution

b.Americans were traditionally self-reliant.

c.Life on the farm was extremely difficult.

d.New tools were designed to be portable.

英语翻译：你为什么把失败视为当然呢?