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试述政府干预行为失败的原因。

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正确答案:

布坎南对政府干预行为的局限性的表现及原因进行了较深入具体的研究,主要有以下几个方面:

(1) 公共决策失误。公共选择主要就是政府决策,政府对经济生活干预的基本手段是制定和实施公共政策,相对于市场决策而言,政府决策是一个十分负责的过 程,具有相当程度的不确定性, 存在着诸多困难, 障碍或制约因素,使得政府难以制定并实施好的或合理的公共政策,导致公共决策失误。

(2) 政府机构工作的低效率。所谓政府机构工作低效率是指政府机构执行政策的效率不高,官僚主义作风严重,而这必然影响政策执行的结果,有可能使好的政策 产生恶的结果,从而导致政府失败。

(3) 政府的扩张。政府部门的扩张包括政府部门组成人员的增加和政府部门支出水平的增长。布坎南指出,由于政府官员也是个人利益最大化者,他们总是希望不 断扩大机构规模,增加其层次、扩大其权力,以相应地提高其机构的级别和个人待遇,同时也使他们去制定更多的规章制度增加自己的俸禄和享受,结果导致社会资 源浪费、经济效益降低,资源配置效率低下,社会福利减少、通货膨胀等。

(4)政府的寻租活动。它导致资源配置扭曲,或说它是资源无效配置的一个根源;寻租作为一种非生产性活动,并不增加任何新产品或新财富,只不过改变生产要 素的产权关系,把更大部分的国民收入装进私人腰包;寻租也导致不同政府部门官员的争权夺利,影响政府的声誉和增加廉政成本,导致社会资源浪费。

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