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简述利率、汇率、通货膨胀率的概念和影响因素。

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正确答案:

利率是货币的价格, 就是借入货币的成本。 有三种主要因素影响利率:

(1)货币的供给与需求。货币需求越大,利率越高,高利率阻碍了借款者借款,因而放慢了经济活动。 低利率鼓励借款者借款, 因此会刺激经济活动。

(2)政府干预。通过中央银行的活动, 政府可以影响利率水平。 减少流通中的货币量,将使利率水平上升,经济活动量就会减少。相反,增加流通中的货币量,会使利率下降,从而推动经济活动。

(3)通货膨胀。 贷款者希望贷出货币后能够得到报偿, 这种报偿就是他们贷出款项所以的利息。 利率必须高于通胀率, 否则贷款者的货币遭受价值损失就会比它收取的利息还要多。汇率是指不同的货币之间兑换的比例。 影响汇率的因素比较复杂。 这些因素可以概括为经济因素和政治因素。通货膨胀率反映的是经济中价格上涨的速度。通货膨胀的影响因素, 不同的经济学派有不同的看法。 总的来说有需求拉动的、 有成本推动的、 有结构调整的等等。

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