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Recentresearchhasclaimedthatanexcessofpositiveionsintheaircanhaveanilleffectonpeople’sphysicalorpsychologicalhealth.Whatarepositiveions?Well,theairisfullofions,electricallychargedparticles,andgenerallythereisaroughbalancebetweenthepositiveandthenegativecharged.Butsometimesthisbalancebecomesdisturbedandalargerproportionofpositiveionsarefound.Thishappensnaturallybeforethunderstorm,earthquakeswhenwindssuchastheMistral,HamsinorSharavareblowingincertaincountries.Oritcanbecausedbyabuild-upofstaticelectricityindoorsfromcarpetsorclothingmadeofman-madefibres,orfromTVsets,duplicatorsorcomputerdisplayscreens.
Whenalargenumberofpositiveionsarepresentintheairmanypeopleexperienceunpleasanteffectssuchasheadaches,fatigue,irritability,andsomesensitivepeoplesuffernauseaorevenmentaldisturbance.Animalsarealsoaffected,particularlybeforeearthquakes,snakeshavebeenobservedtocomeoutofhibernation,ratstofleefromtheirburrows,dogshowlandcatsjumpaboutunaccountably.ThishasledtheUSGeographicalSurveytofundanetworkofvolunteerstowatchanimalsinanefforttoforeseesuchdisastersbeforetheyhitvulnerableareassuchasCalifornia.
Conversely,whenlargenumbersofnegativeionsarepresent,thenpeoplehaveafeelingofwell-being.Naturalconditionsthatproducetheselargeamountsarenearthesea,closetowaterfallsorfountains,orinanyplacewherewaterissprayed,orformsaspray.Thisprobablyaccountsforthebeneficialeffectofaholidaybythesea,orinthemountainswithtumblingstreamsorwaterfalls.
Toincreasethesupplyofnegativeionsindoors,somescientistsrecommendtheuseofionisers:smallportablemachines,whichgeneratenegativeions.Theyclaimthationisersnotonlycleanandrefreshtheairbutalsoimprovethehealthofpeoplesensitivetoexcesspositiveions.Ofcourse,therearethedetractors,otherscientists,whodismisssuchclaimsandareskepticalaboutnegative/positiveionresearch.Thereforepeoplecanonlymakeuptheirownmindsbyobservingtheeffectsonthemselves,oronothers,ofanegativerichorpoorenvironment.Afterallitisdebatablewhetherdependingonseismicreadingstoanticipateearthquakesismoreeffectivethanwatchingthecat.
1.Whateffectdoesexceedingpositiveionizationhaveonsomepeople?
A.Theythinktheyareinsane.
B.Theyfeelratherbad-temperedandshort-fussed.
C.Theybecomeviolentlysick.
D.Theyaretootiredtodoanything.
2.Inaccordancewiththepassage,staticelectricitycanbecausedby___.
A.usinghome-madeelectricalgoods.
B.wearingclothesmadeofnaturalmaterials.
C.walkingonartificialfloorcoverings.
D.copyingTVprogramsonacomputer.
3.Ahighnegativeioncountislikelytobefound___.
A.nearapoundwithawaterpump.
B.closetoaslow-flowingriver.
C.highinsomebarrenmountains.
D.byarotatingwatersprinkler.
4.Whatkindofmachinecangeneratenegativeionsindoors?
A.Ionisers.
B.Air-conditioners.
C.Exhaust-fans
D.Vacuumpumps.
5.Somescientistsbelievethat___.
A.watchinganimalstoanticipateearthquakesismoreeffectivethandependingonseismography.
B.theunusualbehaviorofanimalscannotbetrusted.
C.neitherwatchingnorusingseismographsisreliable.
D.earthquake
Scatteredthroughtheseasoftheworldarebillionsoftonsofsmallplantsandanimalscalledplankton.Mostoftheseplantsandanimalsaretoosmallforthehumaneyetosee.Theydriftaboutlazilywiththecurrents,providingabasicfoodformanylargeranimals.Planktonhasbeendescribedastheequivalentofthegrassesthatgrowonthedrylandcontinents,andthecomparisonisanappropriateone.Inpotentialfoodvaluehowever,planktonfaroutweighsthatofthelandgrasses.Onescientisthasestimatedthatwhilegrassesoftheworldproduceabout49billiontonsofvaluablecarbohydrateseachyear.Thesea’splanktongeneratesmorethantwiceasmuch.
Despiteitsenormousfoodpotential,littleeffortwasmadeuntilrecentlytofarmplanktonaswefarmgrassesonland.Nowmarinescientistshaveatlastbeguntostudythispossibility,especiallyasthesea’sresourcesloomevenmoreimportantasameansoffeedinganexpandingworldpopulation.
Nooneyethasseriouslysuggestedthat“planktonburgers”maysoonbecomepopulararoundtheworld.Asapossiblefarmedsupplementaryfoodsource,however,planktonisgainingconsiderableinterestamongmarinescientists.
Onetypeofplanktonthatseemstohavegreatharvestpossibilitiesisatinyshrimplikecreaturecalledkrill.Growingtotwoorthreeincheslong,krillprovidethemajorfoodforthegiantbluewhale,thelargestanimalevertoinhabittheEarth.Realizingthatthiswhalemaygrow100feetandweigh150tonsatmaturity,itisnotsurprisingthateachonedevoursmorethanonetonofkrilldaily.
Krillswimaboutjustbelowthesurfaceinhugeschoolssometimesmileswide,mainlyinthecoldAntarctic.Becauseoftheirpinkcolor,theyoftenappearasasolidreddishmasswhenviewedfromashiporfromtheair.Krillareveryhighinfoodvalue.Apoundofthesecrustaceanscontainsabout460calories—aboutthesameasshrimporlobster,towhichtheyarerelated.
Ifthekrillcanfeedsuchhugecreaturesaswhales,manyscientistsreason,theymustcertainlybecontendersasnewfoodsourceforhumans.
1.Whichofthefollowingbestportraystheorganizationofthepassage?
A.Theauthorpresentstheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofplanktonasafoodsource.
B.Theauthorquotespublicopiniontosupporttheargumentforfarmingplankton.
C.Theauthorclassifiesthedifferentfoodsourcesaccordingtoamountofcarbohydrate.
D.Theauthormakesageneralstatementaboutplanktonasafoodsourceandthenmovestoaspecificexample.
2.Accordingtothepassage,whyisplanktonregardedtobemorevaluablethanlandgrasses?
A.Itiseasiertocultivate.
B.Itproducesmorecarbohydrates.
C.Itdoesnotrequiresoil.
D.Itismorepalatable.
3.Whydoestheauthormention“planktonburgers”?
A.Todescribetheappearanceofonetypeofplankton.
B.Toillustratehowmuchplanktonawhaleconsumes.
C.Tosuggestplanktonasapossiblefoodsources.
D.Tocomparethefoodvaluesofbeefandplankton.
4.Whatismentionedasoneconspicuousfeatureofkrill?
A.Theyarethesmallestmarineanimals.
B.Theyarepinkincolor.
C.Theyaresimilarinsizetolobsters.
D.Theyhavegrasslikebodies.
5.Theauthormentionsallofthefollowingasreasonswhyplanktoncouldbeconsideredahumanfoodsourceexceptthatitis___.
A.highinfoodvalue.
B.inabundantsupplyintheoceans.
C.anappropriatefoodforotheranimals.
D.freeofchemicalsandpollutants.
Readthetextaboutcareer-planningservices.
Choosethebestsentencefromtheoppositepagetofilleachofthegaps.
Foreachgap9–14,markoneletter(A-H)onyourAnswerSheet.
Donotuseanylettermorethanonce.
Thereisanexampleatthebeginning.(0)
YourCareerPathCanLeadYouAnywhere
Weusedtobeadvisedtoplanourcareers.Weweretoldtomakeaplanduringthelaterstagesofoureducationandcontinuewithitthroughourworkinglives.(0)_____somepeoplestillseecareersinthisway.However,topursueasingleoptionforlifehasalwaysbeenunrealistic.
Planningforasinglecareerassumesthatwesetoutwithafullunderstandingofourlikesanddislikesandtheemploymentopportunitiesopentous.(9)____Formostpeoplethisdegreeofcertaintyaboutthefuturedoesnotexist.
Ourinitialchoiceofcareerpathandemployerisoftenbasedoninadequateknowledgeandfalseperceptions.Butwithageandexperience,wedevelopnewinterestsandaptitudesandourprioritiesalter.Thestructureoftheemploymentmarketand,indeedofemploymentitself,issubjecttochangeasbothnewtechnologiesandnewworksystemsareintroduced(10)_____Wemustfacetheuncertaintiesofaportfoliocareer.
Itisclearfromtherecentpastthatwecannotforeseethechangeswhichwillaffectourworkinglives.Thepaceofchangeisaccelerating,asaresultofwhichtraditionalcareerplanswillbeofverylimiteduse.(11)_____Theywillneedupdatingtoreflectchangesinourowninterestsaswellasintheexternalworkenvironment.Flexibleworkersalreadyaccountforabouthalftheworkforce.(12)______Wearelikelytofaceperiodsascontractworkers,self-employedfreelances,consultants,tempsorpart-timers.
Manyemployersencouragestafftowriteapersonaldevelopmentdevelopment(PDP)(13)_____Althoughsomepeopleuseitonlytoreviewtheskillsneededfortheirjob,aPDPcouldbethenucleusofwidercareerplan–settingoutalternativelong-termlearningneedsandaplanofself-development.
AreportissuedbytheInstituteofEmploymentStudiesadvisespeopletoenhancetheiremployabilitybymovingfromtraditionaltechnicalskillstowardstheattainmentofarangeoftransferableskills.(14)_____Instead,specialschemesshouldbeestablishedtoencouragepeopletoexaminetheireffectivenessandtoconsiderawiderrangeofneeds.
0ABCDEFGH
AThisdualeffectmeansthattherelationshipbetweenemployersandworkershasevolvedtosuchandextentthatwecannolongerexpectalong-termrelationshipwithoneemployer.
B.Itcarriesanimplicitassumptionthatweourselves,andthejobsweenter,willchangelittleduringourworkinglives.
C.Thisgrowthsuggeststhatacareerplanshouldnotbeexpressedonlyintermsoffull-timeemploymentbutshouldmakeprovisionforthepossibilityofbecomingoneofthe.
Dthisisasummaryofone’spersonallearningneedsandanactionplantomeetthem.
EConsequently,theymustnowaccommodateanumberofobjectivesandenableustoprepareforeachonacontingencybasis.
FHowever,itwarnsthatemployersoftenidentifytrainingneedsthroughformalappraisals,whichtaketoonarrowaviewofdevelopment.
G.Suchafreelanceofconsultantwouldbeconstantlyindemand.
HWewereexpectedtoworktowardsthatonecleargoalandtoconsideracareerchangeasabadthing.
